![]() ![]() Development is pushing beyond the geographic boundaries to the north and west, and south through Pinal County. Within the city are the Phoenix Mountains and South Mountains. The Phoenix area is surrounded by the McDowell Mountains to the northeast, the White Tank Mountains to the west, the Superstition Mountains far to the east, and the Sierra Estrella to the southwest. Lake Pleasant Regional Park is located in Northwest Phoenix. The dams are deflated to allow the river to flow unimpeded during releases. The city of Tempe has built two inflatable dams in the Salt River bed to create a year-round recreational lake, called Tempe Town Lake. The Salt River course runs westward through the city of Phoenix the riverbed is normally dry except when excess runoff forces the release of water from the six dams upriver. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 475.1 square miles (1,230.5 km²). It lies at a mean elevation of 1,117 feet (340 m), in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert. Phoenix is located in the Salt River Valley, or "Valley of the Sun," in central Arizona. Landsat 7 Satellite image of the Phoenix Metro Area in 2002. The city that was once a haven for those suffering from respiratory ailments is today forced to take active measures in reducing pollution. Its location among the mountains, combined with desert weather patterns, however, contributes to a cloud of pollution that hangs over the city, trapped by the air currents that prevail. The city's metropolitan area is also known by its nickname, "The Valley of the Sun" or simply "The Valley," because the city is surrounded by mountains on all sides. ![]() Phoenix, incorporated in 1881, is located on the banks of what is now the normally dry Salt River. It is the region's primary cultural, economic, and financial center and a major transportation hub. It is the fifth largest city in the United States in terms of population (2008), and the tenth largest for land area in the United States at 517 square miles (1,340 km²). It is also the county seat of Maricopa County and the second largest city in the Western United States after Los Angeles, California. Phoenix is the largest and most populous city in the state of Arizona, and is the only state capital with a population of more than a million people. Hohokam canals much older than this are known, and the occupation of nearby Pueblo Grande began earlier and lasted later than the Soho phase.Location in Maricopa County and the state of Arizona Sherds under the banks and in the canals were too few for conclusive dating of construction and use, but suggest that this took place during the Soho phase of the Hohokam Classic period, that is, during the late 12th and the 13th centuries. Both canals show evidence of repeated filling and clearing out, either by natural erosion due to a periodically swifter current or by the efforts of the Indians using the canals. There is a possibility that the V-shaped South Canal was built first and perhaps abandoned when the North Canal was built. Both were dug into coarse gravel and the broader (north) canal had been lined with brown clay subsequent to its construction and initial period of use. deep, and the other U-shaped in profile, about 10 m. A cross section of the surviving traces of two large prehistoric canals near Pueblo Grande, Phoenix, shows one to have originally been V-shaped in profile, about 6 m.
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